Skyrocket EnglishC1 · ponto 3
Revisão de past perfect simple e continuous: ação anterior a outra no passado, duração até um momento passado, causa e evidência, e estruturas como by the time, hadn't ... until e Had + sujeito.
O past perfect simple (had + particípio) mostra uma ação concluída antes de outro momento do passado: “When I arrived, the film had started.” O past perfect continuous (had been + -ing) enfatiza duração ou uma atividade em andamento até aquele momento, e muitas vezes explica uma causa: “Her eyes were red; she had been crying.”
| Uso | Tempo | Exemplo |
|---|---|---|
| Ação anterior concluída | had + particípio | By the time we arrived, they had left. |
| Duração até um momento | had been + -ing (+ for / since) | She had been waiting for two hours. |
| Causa de uma situação passada | had been + -ing | The floor was wet; it had been raining. |
| Resultado × atividade | had finished × had been working | He had written ten pages × He had been writing all night. |
| Verbos de estado | past perfect simple | I had known him for years. |
Marcadores comuns: by the time, already, just, never ... before, hadn't ... until, no sooner ... than, hardly ... when. Também aparece em discurso indireto (“She said she had finished”), na 3ª condicional (If I had known, I would have called) e na inversão formal (Had I known, I would have called). Na voz passiva: “The documents had been signed.”
She hadn't realised the time until the clock struck midnight.
Ela só percebeu a hora quando o relógio bateu meia-noite.
I'd been working there for years when they promoted me.
Eu trabalhava lá havia anos quando me promoveram.
Had she known, she would have helped.
Se ela soubesse, teria ajudado.
Atenção: Verbos de estado (know, be, have, like) normalmente não vão para o contínuo: use had known, não “had been knowing”. Se as ações aconteceram em ordem, o past simple basta: “She opened the door and saw him.” Use o past perfect só quando precisar mostrar que uma ação veio antes da outra.
🧩 Grammar · 19 activities. Complete, choose, order and write sentences to practise the rule.